Treats! Treats!

Monday, 08-15-2016

For those who like sweets, I’ve added three new items to the recent articles and book chapters section of the Read Articles page.

One is my 1998 essay “Tolerance and Natural Law.”  Okay, I admit that 1998 isn't “recent,” but since people keep asking me about the topic, I thought I’d post the item anyway.

The other two are updates.  Understandably, the publishers of anthologies don’t want the authors to post their chapters on the internet until the books have been out a year or two.  Previously I was only able to post samples of my book chapters “The Strange Second Life of Confessional States” and “Only a Passing Fancy?  The Evangelical Engagement with Natural Law,” but now you’ll find the complete texts (it’s about time!)

And just so you don’t think the title of this post was a trick, here’s a baking tip from my wife, who makes the best sweets in the solar system.  Suppose you want to dip cookies in melted white or semi-sweet chocolate.  You don’t have to make a ganache.  Just do this:  While you’re melting the chocolate, for every eight ounces stir in one tablespoon shortening (such as Crisco).  That way, after you dip the cookies, the chocolate will set up nicely as it cools instead of staying runny.

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Saying No

Wednesday, 07-27-2016

This will be the first presidential election since reaching voting age that I’ve sat out.  I will not vote for either major party’s standard-bearer.

The nominee of one party has never believed in anything but self-promotion.  He is characterologically incapable of holding any principle, save that one.  He is a narcissist; he is a sociopath; and as a consequence of having so little interest in external reality, he is not of sound mind.

Long ago, the other nominee seems to have believed in principles, but they were profoundly wrong ones.  Besides, she has promoted herself as a means to her ends for so long that at last her means have displaced her ends; the principles to which she once devoted herself have at last become a mere means to herself.  Her ideology persists, but only as a sort of reflex, or mental tick.  So although she has reached it by a different path, her destination is much like the other nominee’s.

It is hardly necessary to add that neither nominee believes in the Constitution.  One of them does not even know how many Articles it contains; he has thrown out the figure twelve.  The other probably knows, but does not care.  Sic volo, sic jubeo, sic pro ratione voluntas.

Some honest people, many of them my friends, believe they must vote for the sociopath to keep the criminal from taking office.  Others think they must vote for the criminal to keep the sociopath from taking office.  Both groups think one must choose between a wild card and a known evil.  As they see it, the only question is which is worse.

I sympathize with both groups, but I think they have misconceived the nature of the choice.  The analogy with poker is misplaced, for this wild card is wilder than they think.  It does not just take different values; it is playing a different game.  And the reference to “known” evils is misplaced -- not just because evil cannot be “known” in itself – for it can certainly be known in its effects – but because this sort of evil is the sort that breeds.

Besides, there is a third alternative.  One can say “No” to both nominees.

My honest friends think saying “No” to nominees is irresponsible.  One group fears that to say “No” to the sociopath is to elect the criminal; the other, that to say “No” to the criminal is to elect the sociopath.  Understandably, they say one must follow the path that minimizes evil.  One must try to save as much as one can.

I do not disagree.  The question is what it is that one is saving as much of as possible.  By saving as much as one can, my honest friends mean saving as much of one’s policy goals as one can.  But in the first place, there is no longer any path to saving decent policy goals.  For example, although it is true that a victory by the criminal would spell the triumph of the party which is programmatically committed to death, a victory by the sociopath would spell the destruction of any pretense to the other party’s commitment to life.  In the second, this time the stakes are greater than policy.  We are not playing for this law or that; we are playing for the rule of law itself, in which neither nominee believes.

So I do propose saving as much as one can -- of something else.  Whether the republic itself can be saved is uncertain; time will tell.  But there will be no republic without conscience, and we can save every farthing of that.

Each must follow the certain judgment of his own conscience, and this is mine.  May God have mercy on us all.

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He’s Baaaack

Tuesday, 07-26-2016

People have been asking whether I’ve given up the blog.  No, I haven’t, though for the last few months I’ve taken a break from it to finish a large book project and begin another.  Now that the former is done and the latter is well underway, I’ll resume occasional posts, though I won’t go back to posting daily – that was exhausting, and other work is more important.  Tell you what, faithful readers:  Just to show I mean it, you may expect a post tomorrow.  How’s that?

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The Sign of Jonah

Tuesday, 04-26-2016

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I was refreshed the other day by a conversation with a young man I know.  It was not so much his wisdom that refreshed me, but that one should meet with it in a person so young.  Had I asked him where he got it, he would credit his father, whom he considers the wisest man in the world.  Perhaps he is.

Let me tell you about him.  He is recently married and has the beauty of it upon him.  Before long he will have children and have that beauty upon him.  As they grow up there will be beauty upon beauty entrained.

My young friend saw the oncoming winter of our institutions – withering marriages and families, increasing loneliness, declining trust -- and knew quite well that the green buds of Spring might be very far off.  So many give in to discouragement.  Not he.

He was confident that eventually the natural order of things would reassert itself -- partly just because it is the natural order, in which such great restorative powers persist despite the Fall, and partly because of providence of God, who does not allow nature to be so utterly ruined that its restorative powers are wholly overwhelmed.

The people who adore the gods of Winter have no such hope.  They cannot resolve to do the right thing and trust the results to God’s providence, because they believe neither in right nor in God’s providence.  Results is all they have.  Everything is all up to them.

Though my friend knew that the green buds of Spring might not open and sprout in his own lifetime, he was content to do what he could to make the winter a little warmer, and perhaps, God willing, to help the thaw to come a little sooner.  In the background – I know him well – was the thought that if the end of all things comes first, well, so much the better, for that too is in the hand of God.

He was confident that a man who does all he can, with all his heart and intelligence, has done enough.  So to discouraged young people I say:  Think like that.

And to the discouraged of my own age I say:  We too must think like that.  Many of the young people we know think differently than my young friend.  They are swallowed and go into the belly of the whale.  At such times we too become discouraged, because all we can do is pray for them.

But if that is really all we can do, and we do it with all our strength, then we too have done enough.

This is the last of my daily posts.  I will still post occasionally, as the thought strikes me, but I will no longer try to keep up the daily grind.  If you would like to be notified of new posts, I encourage you to subscribe to the RSS feed.

 

What Maketh an Exact Twelve Year Old

Monday, 04-25-2016

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Question:

I've been following your blog for a few years now, and I wonder if you could help me.  Recently I've recently decided to homeschool my daughter, who will be twelve soon, and was excited at the prospect of having some sort of logic textbook that she and I could delve into together.  You wouldn't happen to have a title handy, would you?  I am far from being an expert, so she and I will be at almost the same level.

Reply:

More power to you.  We began home-schooling one of our own daughters at the same age.  Though I have no logic textbook to suggest for that level, I think twelve may be a little early for a logic textbook anyway.  Our approach was to have our daughter keep a logical fallacies notebook.  We emphasized the fallacies of distraction, which are challenging enough for an early middle schooler.  The formal fallacies can probably wait for a year or two.

Each day our daughter had to come up with at least one fallacy.  It might come from any written or spoken source, including literature, newspapers, and conversations, but it had to be unintentional – contrived fallacies like the examples in logic textbooks weren’t allowed.  Each time she found a fallacy, she had to record it, classify it, explain how it went wrong, and indicate where she had read or heard it.

As you might guess, she became quite adept at recognizing some kinds of fallacy.  These she would pounce upon with glee.  Other kinds were more difficult to spot, but by the end of the year, with just a few hints, she had found at least a few examples of even the hard ones.  She took it as a challenge.

Since I love to encourage home schoolers, may I throw in another suggestion?  As one English author said, “writing maketh an exact man” – so consider giving your daughter a daily brief writing assignment too!

Make each writing assignment different.  Give each one a twist.  Something like this:  Tell which you think better, asparagus or broccoli, and justify your answer.    Vividly describe what it might be like to be a fish, without using adverbs or adjectives.  Rewrite this week’s newspaper weather forecast, in the style of Edgar Allen Poe.  Compose directions from our house to the grocery store, making sure they could be followed even by someone who didn’t know the neighborhood.  Solve the following simple puzzle, then explain how you worked out the answer.  A wicked witch has turned you into a toad.  Describe how you could get our attention and explain what has happened, bearing in mind that we don’t know who you are and don’t normally let toads in the house.

Just a thought.  I hope you both have fun!

 

Pretense

Sunday, 04-24-2016

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“Every religion is equally valid.”  But most religions hold that not every religion is equally valid.  So if every religion is equally valid, then it is equally valid to deny that every religion is equally valid.  Let us give up the silly pretense of agreeing with everyone; courtesy and reason are enough.

 

Liberty License

Saturday, 04-23-2016

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Question:

You write in your post “How the Meaning of Liberty Did and Didn’t Change” that history presents us with two nearly opposite meanings of freedom.  Among the classical thinkers, you say, the term referred not to the absence of governance, but to a certain kind of governance.  But among the modern writers, it comes to mean not freedom from the wrong kind of rule, but something more like freedom from rule.

How did this shift take place?  I suspect that it was messy.

Reply:

Your suspicion is right.  It was messy.  In the first place, the ancient meaning of liberty is not entirely unknown to the moderns:  When Alexis de Tocqueville writes in Democracy in America about “free” local institutions, he means local institutions of self-government.  In the second place, the meaning of liberty which predominates today was not entirely unknown to the ancients:  Florentinus is quoted in Justinian’s Digest as defining liberty as “one’s natural power of doing what one pleases, save insofar as it is ruled out either by coercion or by law.”

Usually, however, the classical writers called liberty in this sense mere “license,” distinguishing it from liberty in the sense of being able to govern oneself properly.  And although the modern writers too distinguish liberty from license, they become less and less able to explain the difference.

The new conception of liberty is perhaps most dramatically on display in Thomas Hobbes, who writes in his 1651 work Leviathan that “‘The right of Nature,’ which writers commonly call jus naturale, is the liberty each man hath to use his own power as he will himself for the preservation of his own nature, that is to say, of his own life; and consequently of doing anything which in his own judgment and reason he shall conceive to be the aptest means thereunto.”  He says a few lines later, “it followeth that in such a condition every man has a right to everything, even to one another’s body.”

In other words, my “natural” liberty is doing as I please, even if I think I need to kill you.  By this way of thinking, the fulfillment of our nature isn’t the cure, it’s the disease.

We see in Richard Price, a contemporary of the American Founders, something of how the older language of self-government became blurred so that it actually seemed to mean the mere absence of restrictions.  Here is what he says in Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty, written in 1776:

“By physical liberty I mean that principle of spontaneity, or self-determination, which constitutes us agents, or which gives us a command over our actions, rendering them properly ours, and not effects of the operation of any foreign cause.  Moral liberty is the power of following, in all circumstances, our sense of right and wrong, or of acting in conformity to our reflecting and moral principles, without being controlled by any contrary principles.  Religious liberty signifies the power of exercising, without molestation, that mode of religion which we think best, or of making the decisions of our own consciences respecting religious truth, the rule of our conduct, and not any of the decisions of our fellow-men.  In like manner civil liberty is the power of a civil society or state to govern itself by its own discretion or by laws of its own making, without being subject to the impositions of any power in appointing and directing which the collective body of the people have no concern and over which they have no control.”  Price adds, “there is one general idea that runs through them all; I mean the idea of self-direction, or self-government.”

Taken at its word, this passage would seem to mean that simply by submitting to a just civil law with which I happen to disagree, I am deprived of my power of self-government.  Price doesn’t actually mean this, for in the next section he says liberty is the opposite of licentiousness.  So here, when he speaks of conscience, he probably means something like conscience well-formed by the natural law.  The difficulty is that he doesn’t say so; he doesn’t specify it in his definition.  So conscience comes to seem merely another word for will, which is how many people use the term today.

What we see is that more and more of the equipment of the classical natural law tradition was discarded with the aim of clarifying and simplifying matters.  Yet rather than being clarified and simplified, they became confused.